Assignments
Friday, 25 March 2016
Mass Media and its Importance
Prepared by- Urvi Dave
Course- M.A.
Sem- 4
Paper no. - 15
Paper name- Mass
Communication and Media Studies: An Introduction
Enrollment no. – 14101009
Batch- 2014-16
Email id- dave.urvi71@gmail.com
Submitted to- Smt. S. B. Gardi
Department of English
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Mass media plays an important role in the life of society.
Most people agree that the 21st century can be called the “age of
media”, which is quite true as the world of media influences us in different
ways. However, some of these bring benefits for us, there are also bad points.
Since the advancement of technology, people today are getting attached to
television and films, books also make its passion to stand at the top of media
list.
Mass Media includes various types of media such as
television, radio, newspaper and magazines. Reading newspapers and magazines,
watching TV, listening to the news on the radio are our main means of getting
information. Mass media bring to millions of homes not only entertainment and
news but also cultural and educational programmes. If you watch TV and listen
to the radio, you can improve your knowledge of history, , biology, literature
or even learn a foreign language by radio. Media is one of the most useful
hearts of human life. We are overfull with all these letters, sounds and films,
headlines. Media change our modern life in nearly every way. Main work of media
is to inform the people. Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It
helps promoting the right things on time. Nothing is possible without media.
Development of Mass
Media
Western mass communication scholars have identified a
development progression cycle call ESP i.e. Elite Popular Specialization this
cycle holds that all media develop in three stages:
Elite: Media
appeals to the affluent. Affluent are considered as the leaders of cultural and
social trends.
Popular: When
the notions break through the barriers of literacy and poverty, it enters the
popular stage and reaches the mass culture.
Specialization: There
is ‘de-massification’ of the mass media due to information explosion and
advancement in the communication technology.
Media is consumed by highly fragmented segments of
population each with his own interest and cultural activities.
Example- Cartoon channels, Sports channels, News channels,
Movies.
Attraction with Media
In Modern society, people are influenced by mass media. Although
traditional television watching and newspaper reading are no longer as popular
as before, people spend more time in front of computers listening to music and
radio, reading news and information interacting with other people in social
network and watching television programs and films. The developing technology
of mobile phone allows people to do almost everything they can do with the
computer. Now days, people are living in a world by media sounds and images.
People cannot live a day without mobile and computer. Cultural values and
lifestyle have changed over time by use of television and internet. So in one
way, it may change people’s opinions for the better, but in another, it may
impact the social system of a whole population. More and more, people all over
the world use the same exact piece of clothing. Due to watching it on
television, the dress code is blue jeans, t-shirt and shoes. Television can be
a great teacher. Some public television programs encourage visits to the zoo, libraries,
bookstores, museums and other activities, and educational visitors can surely
serve as powerful teaching devices.
First Television |
Amongst all the mass media today, TV attracts the largest
number of viewers; its audience is greater in size than any of the other media
audience. This is because television is able to focus on audience of all age
groups, whether literate or illiterate. Television has been used for education
and information purposes than for entertainment. There is no doubt about the
fact that the technology has given us a main tool in television. It is very
powerful mass communication medium. The Indian model of television programmes
are unique as it is expected to pass on the culture from one generation to
another. Today Doordarshan is challenging with all cable TV networks in meeting
the entertainment needs of the people. Television in India, through its
programme presents pictures and view of India’s rich culture. They represent
various religion and cultural language and activities of people, belonging to
different parts of India and so it reflects the Indian Society.
We live in an attractive world and even more charming
society. We are part of a culture where every morning we wake up to the voice
of the morning news filling us in on the beautiful sunny weather outside, and
at the end of the day, tired and hungry. We move slowly home, where our TV or
computer are waiting patiently to be at service. In the world, life without
technology feels totally impossible and life without media is simply
unthinkable.
India has various cultures, religions and traditions.
Therefore, medium like TV can play a vital role in developing common
understanding with the people and bring them closer, like movies, TV reinforces
ideas, beliefs. For example- TV represents the messages on importance of girl’s
education, marriage age, environment protection, energy conservation etc. Thus,
it serves believable function. Television has more flexibility and mobility in
its coverage due to audio-visual presentation. As Saxena says-
“Television in India has acquired today newer
dimensions, greater popularity as a much wider reach. The moving images of
television fascinate people, demand attention and eventually influence their
thoughts and behaviors”.
Radio is generally used as mass communication medium and has
a great potentiality is spreading of information as radio signals cover almost
entire population. Radio being a handy form of entertainment caters to a large
audience.
Radio reaches the common man in urban and rural areas of India,
though the use of radio is more among rural cities. It has advantages over the
use of other mass media like television and newspaper in terms of being handy
and easily available. It is the most transportable of the broadcast media,
being easy get to at home, in the office, in the car, on the street or beach,
almost everywhere at any time. Radio is helpful not only in informing the
people, but also in creating understanding about many social issues and need
for social improvement, developing interest.
In India, radio with its access to the rural areas is
becoming a powerful medium for advertisers. Because radio listening is so
widespread that it has spread as an advertising medium for reaching local
audiences. Moreover, radio serves small highly targeted audiences, which makes
it a superb advertising medium for many kinds of specialized feature for radio
as mass medium is that it caters to a large rural population which has no way
in to TV and where there is no power supply. In such places, All India Radio’s
programmes continue to be the only source of information and entertainment.
Moreover, broadcasts programmers come in 24 languages.
Kapoor, Director General of AIR (1995) said-
“Radio is far more interactive and stimulating
medium than TV where the viewer is spoon-fed. Radio allows you to think, to use
your imagination. That is why nobody ever called it the idiot box”.
Impact of Mass Media
- Personal
- Psychological
- Social
- Moral
- Cultural
Bernard Berelson an American behavioral
scientists defines the impact of media as-
“Some kind of
communication, some kind of issues brought to the attention of people under
some kind of condition has some kinds of effects”.
Mass media is centrally involved in the
production of modern culture. Reach of mass media is limited in India thus mass
culture in our country is still by and large the one that prevails in our
villages where over 77% of people live. Here, folk media is still predominant.
Advantages
of the Media
Media is one of the most Influential
entities we have in this world, with good reason. We rely on the media to
provide us with information. The mass media has many roles in our world, and
the most important role is providing us the news.
Helps
spread News Faster
The news cycle has changed that how we put
away the news forever. We no longer have to wait for the morning or evening
news to get caught up on present events. There are many news channels which run
24*7 i.e. all the time in all the seven days.
- Keeps
us updated with current events whether we want to keep up with our area, state,
country or world, the media is there to give us all the information we need to
know. By media, we can be aware of what is going on in any part of the world,
specially the parts that affect our everyday life. We can keep up with what’s
going on all over the world in number of ways as well. If we want some quick
news, organizations offer applications that can be downloaded in our phone.
These applications give us breaking news notifications, so that you can always
be aware about latest updates. If you have a long journey or important works,
you can use radio to get your news. Generally, radio stations are that focus on
lifestyle, news, current events and more.
- Contact
with family and friends with the help of social media, many people can
communicate with their families or with friends. Actually people travel around
the world and by this reason; They need a good way in order to not lose the
contact with their families in their native country. So the world’s population
uses electronic devices for their communication for example- Mobile phones,
telephones, computers etc.
Function
of Mass Media
Mass Media is the powerful medium that does
not only influence today’s world but that also shape tomorrow. Mass Media
performs essential task in order to cast its effect to the people and maintain
the society.
Information
It is the main function of mass media.
While information is power of knowledge it can be objective, primary,
subjective and secondary. Media disseminates information mostly through news
broadcast on radio, TV as well as newspaper or magazines. Moreover,
advertisements are also mostly for information purpose.
Education
Media presents education and information side by side. It
provides education in different subjects to people of all levels. They try to
educate people directly using different forms of content. Dramas,
documentaries, interviews and many other programs are arranged to educate
people directly. Mass media is used as successful tool for mass awareness.
Entertainment
It is one more function of mass media. Persuasion involves
making influence on others mind. Mass Media power audience in varieties of
ways. All people are not well known about it. Many of them become influenced or
motivated unknowingly towards it. Hence, specific functions of mass media are
explained below:
Surveillance
It denotes observation. The function of
mass media is to observe the society closely. News about films is played at
local theater, stock market prices, new products, fashion ideas are example of
instrumental surveillance.
Interpretation
The mass media do not just give facts and
data but also explanations and interpretations of events are situations. News
analysis, editorials are some examples of interpretative contents. Such types
of interpretative contents are prepared by those journalists who have knowledge
of background information and strong ability.
Socialization
It is the transmission of culture. Media is
the reflector of society. Whenever a person reads newspaper or watches
television, individual knows how people respond on matters and what types of
norms and values they perceive on situation.
Conclusion
Thus, media is attractive even more
important in life of adults as well as of children. We get great deals of
information from the different forms of media such as newspapers, films and
documentaries, journals, radio, motion pictures and more. Mass media plays a
vital role in forming and reflecting public opinion, connecting the world to
individuals and reproducing the self image of society. The mass media still
plays a vital role in the social learning process and have power on how
individuals acquire now ideas, attitudes and changes direction in society.
Works Cited
"Meaning and importance of Mass Media."
Class Notes
Research on Marketing, Advertisements and Public
Relations.n.d.
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Representation of Women in African Literature with reference to the novels- Things Fall Apart, Waiting for the Barbarians and A Grain of Wheat
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Representation of Women in African Literature with reference to the novels- Things Fall Apart, Waiting for the Barbarians and A Grain of Wheat
Prepared by- Urvi Dave
Course- M.A.- II
Semester- 4
Paper no. - 14
Paper name- The African Literature
Enrollment no. – 14101009
Batch- 2014-16
Email id- dave.urvi71@gmail.com
Submitted to- Smt. S. B. Gardi
Department
of English
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Women's
place in society is thought a lot in contemporary studies. In literature,
women's representation is observed and criticized with feminist approach. Like
most literature around the world, African literature also portrays women in
different shades. In early African works, incomplete and inaccurate female
characters are littered. The fact, like other literature, African literature
was first written by men. Educated African men not only come from patriarchal
society but were educated by colonizers, who also come from patriarchal
society. Some feminist critics say that male francophone African writers
routinely portray their female characters in the stereotype of an oppressed and
subjugated wife who has little if any say in shaping her destiny or changing
the system that deprives and oppresses her. The African novels present
different images of women in the contemporary patriarchal society. Female
character do not have their own identity or story to be called or celebrated.
But they are always portrayed as less heroic than men and in periphery. The
famous African writers like Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Ulasi, Chinua Achebe,
Wole Soyinka, Cyprian Ekwensi, Amos Tutuola and Ben Okri use African imagery in
portraying and dramatizing the characters and situation, for effect and
authenticity.
African societies are primarily viewed as
masculine. Feminine perspective of Africa and African society, especially about
the role of women in African novels, is richly illuminating. In African natives
religion and African life, it is the image of the chief deity, the Goddess of
earth that dominates. The chief deities of the Ewe community of Ghana are Mawu and Lisa. Mawu representing the moon
is a female while Lisa symbolizing the sun is masculine. The image of Mawu greatly
influences the life and living of the people. Though men do not duly regard
women, she is universally acknowledged as the mother of mankind.
Gender discrimination, family
constraints and social restrictions on women are the greatest banes of African
society. Some female voices scream that the real place of woman is in her home.
However, women are sometimes glorified in their personal life as family
caretakers and teachers. Woman constitutes a force to nourish and shapes the
young minds in her family. In the traditions-bound society, she is confined to
her home discharging her primary duties. The creation of myth and literary
image of Africa meaning one's physical attachment, formulates the woman's place
in the house. But still in some cases, as a stereotype, the idea of an 'African
dilemma' is there with representation of women. African women have to choose
between being true to their traditional culture and embracing thee colonising
western culture and having equal rights is an interesting one. The study of
women characters, portrayed in African colonized literature is an interesting
with that one can know human nature of colonising, marginalizing or making other race gender religion
subaltern.
THINGS
FALL APART BY CHINUA ACHEBE
Umofia,
the village in Achebe's Things Fall Apart respects only one women called
Chielo, the priestess of the Oracle of the hills and the caves. Chielo has a
dual role to play as an ordinary woman and as the one to reprimand the
offenders of the community. She, as the spokesperson of the deity, screams at
Okonkwo when he accompanies his wife and daughter to the shrine of the Oracle
of the hills and the caves: beware of exchanging words with Agbala. Okonkwo,
the great warrior and matchless wrestler, rants at Nwoye's mother.. Do what you
are told woman. Okonkwo's wife becomes meek and dumb before Chielo. Achebe has
presented the image of an idealized woman, thereby opening the space for women
to become active and involve themselves along with men in the nation-building
activities. They are the images of progressive women though they are not fully
evolved characters. Achebe's Chielo is a priestess and a healer whose roles
allow her control of spaces that the fearless Okonkwo is cautious about
entering. Confident of these spaces and the social environment on a moonlit
night, she runs through the town with a sick Ezinma on her back. Throughout
Chielo's race that night, her voice calls out greetings to notable community
personages and Agbala. Chielo's voice shows no hint of oppression or suppressed
womanhood. The fact that Ezinma recovers after the encounter with Chielo also
speaks about Chielo's power in Agbala.
There is no male equivalent to this
role of priestess in African life. Okonkwo must follow later and wait in the
shadows as woman-as-priestess and Agbala renegotiate the child's health and
continuance. Significant here is the fact that the process of ritual and
negotiation are embedded in narrative tradition and practice. Like Achebe,
Nwapa makes use of this relationship in Efuru in which the major characters
have praise names. Achebe says-
"Names
reflect the circumstances of one's birth and family background."
Many women in the novel are flat
characters who are satisfied with oppressive structures like Polygamy as
Okonkwo's wives. Critics condemn Achebe for being too male-focused, there could
be many reasons for this lack of female representation. One is that, readers
are seeing the culture and events largely from Okonkwo's point of view, who could
be said to have unenlightened gender views by Ibo standards. For example- when
he is sent to his mother's village, be cannot answer to his uncle why a common
name and saying is "mother is
supreme", Uchendu, his uncle replies, "A man belongs to his fatherland when things are good and life is
sweet. But when there is sorrow and bitterness, be finds refuge in his
motherland. Your mother is there to protect you. She is buried there that's why
we say mother is supreme." In these words, women as mother is respected.
The portrayal of Okonkwo's daughter Ezinma, is the only visible rounded female
character in the novel. There is evidence in the novel which suggests that
Achebe was showing ridiculous nature of a strong patriarchal society. Ezinma
was intelligent enough to eventually run the family the way Okonkwo wanted.
Okonkwo says-
"She
has the right spirit."
Okonkwo is unable to think outside of
his cultural paradigm, when Ezinma offers to carry Okonkwo's chair to the
wrestling match, traditionally a boy's job, Okonkwo says-
"No,
that's a boy's job."
Instead of finding a way to let Ezinma
run the home, be only comments that "She should have been a boy."
It
shows Achebe's poverty in describing woman character in patriarchal world.
Still there was not much female representation in the novel. It is important to
realize that Achebe wrote this novel to justify his native culture, where women
become victims, to European audiences, who were patriarchal themselves. With
the exception of Ezinma, Achebe's female characters in the novel were not
rounded or visible. Okonkwo carries more space and female characters are
marginalized in narrated patriarchal culture.
A
GRAIN OF WHEAT BY NGUGI WA THION'GO
A
Grain of Wheat is a political narrative talking about Mau Mau Kenyan movement
first placed in forest. The movement included both men and women against
British colonizers. Women played remarkable role directly or indirectly in that
rebellion. Ngugi pays respect to these women and celebrates their limitless
sacrifices, their contribution and struggle for freedom of the homeland in this
novel. The novel describes heroic women as providing the invisible backbone to
the movement. The writer also made use of traditional African values of
womanhood to fight with the enemies. Wambui, the major character in the novel,
is a model of the resistant woman during emergency; she carried secrets from
the villages to towns. Incident of Wambui and policeman is very significant in
portraying her character. For example- Karanja, Kihika and Gikonyo encounter
Mumbi at Gikonyo's workshop, she is addressed respectfully as Karanja calls her
"Mother of Men, we have come, make us some tea." Kihika, the Mau Mau
hero in the novel, refers to the homeland as mother as be proudly says
"With us, Kenya is our mother."
Female identities and anatomies
become symbolically bound to motherhood and to the nation. We can find
privileging of motherhood in Ngugi's fiction. In the novel, where Gikonyo has
an inferiority, Mumbi is more self-assured and capable of action. Gikonyo's
mother, Wangari, refuses to accept defeat when her husband beats and rejects
her, accusing her of sexual coldness. She displays undaunted courage when she
settles in Thabai with her baby son. Wambui introduces the active role of women
in the movement, while Karanja's mother mirrors Nyokabi's defiance of the
traditional female role, as she questions the action of men. Ngugi, through the
depiction of the ideal patriotic women pays great tribute to the African women
especially in those dark days. The strength and courage of certain black women
is incontestable in relating the fight for freedom. Ngugi through the persons
of Wambui and Mumbi clearly shows us that though the men were fighting openly,
the war led by the women was as much important as theirs. Example- Wambui's
"now-famous drama at the worker's strike in 1950," how through her
words and the common action of women they had revived the strength of men. There
is also the comic episode of how Wambui "once carried a pistol tied to her
thighs near the groins" where behind the comic account of the incident,
Ngugi portrays the courage and role of women in freedom fighting. If African
women had not been such an inner force, Kenya would have never been what it is
today. This argument is illustrated by Mumbi's inner force during the emergency
period. She is in fact the character who depicts the ideal African woman
according to Ngugi. Strong, beautiful, both and furthermore mother of a child,
be strength during that period if far than admirable, "In the end, she
tied a belt around her waist and took on a man's work."
Far from the sensual woman, she
has the ability to play a completely different role which is that of the
submissive woman or rather wife. Mumbi, who despite having survived during
harsh times, has to bear the authority of Gikonyo at home, "I'll make you
shut this mouth of a whore", he cried out, slapping her on the left cheek.
Ngugi does not seem to criticize this attitude of Mumbi; her attitude as a
weakness, the author transforms this into a strength by the characters. Mumbi's
mother Wanjiku says-
"The
women of to-day surprise me. They cannot take a slap, soft as feather, or the
slightest breath, from a man. In our time, a woman could take blow and blow
from her husband without a though to running back to her parents."
Ngugi Wa Thion'go enrich African
literature with portraying his woman characters strong, courageous and
patriotic, who equally and sometimes more than male characters,, participate in
struggle for freedom.
WAITING
FOR THE BARBARIANS BY J.M. COETZEE
Waiting
for the Barbarians is set in an indeterminate place and time. It is an allegory
about the evils of colonialism. The story is told with the point of view of a
Magistrate. The novel has one woman character, Barbarian girl, with whom
portrayal of woman character can be studied. She is a prisoner of Colonel
Joll's but after their release she is left behind by her folk in the outpost,
begging, semi-blinded and disfigured from the torture. This symbolizes in
extremes that how people can be transformed to be perceived as the other by an
ideology and how the normal can turn out to be abnormal by the system. She will
always stay as the other, both as a Barbarian in the eye of the empire and as
carrying the marks of the empire in her uncanny body, in the eyes of her folk.
Wenzel reads the relationship between the Magistrate and the girl by saying
that-
"The
Magistrate seeks to eliminate his sense of the girl's otherness and to
understand the pain of her torture as her verbally and physically probes the
girl in an effort to read the signs of torture written on her body."
Actually, Barbarian girl is a symbol of
colonized. Her relationship with Magistrate is of master and slave. She is
tortured by colonizers. She is not colonized by empire but as a woman by the
Magistrate as well. He uses her body as an object. The narration never gives us
the view point of the Barbarian girl, but the magistrate attempts to understand
feminine Viewpoint. He is even at one point dressed as a woman by his torturers
who are servants of the empire. The empire and the Barbarian culture are
symbolically represented by the magistrate and the Barbarian girl and their
relationship the same. The Magistrate
sometimes sympathies the girl but it is also true that he uses as an object,
he becomes cause of her sorrows. Sometimes, the girl plays a role of the
catalyst for the change that takes place in the Magistrate; she fulfills the
role as colonized woman. Coetzee's choice to put a girl as a symbol of
colonized, slave and subaltern indicates woman's position in society and in
men's mind.
CONCLUSION
These
three famous African novels represent women differently. One has no significant
space for women. One made women courageous, strong and even greater than men;
and one made it slave, colonized and inferior. These different portrayals shows
women's role in different situations and different cultures, which is moving
and not static.
Works Cited
"Things Fall
Apart."
http://studyquestion.blogspot.in/2012/11/portrayal-of-women-in-contemporary.html?m=1
http://www.academia.edu/8325497/A_Grain_of_Wheat
Class Notes
Poor-Rich Divided in The White Tiger by Aravind Adiga
Prepared by- Urvi Dave
Course- M.A.-II
Semester- 4
Paper no. - 13
Paper name- The New Literature
Enrollment no. – 14101009
Batch- 2014-16
Email id- dave.urvi71@gmail.com
Submitted to- Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English
Maharaja
Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction
Aravind Adiga is an Indian-Australian writer and journalist.
His debut novel, The White Tiger won the 2008 Man Booker Prize. During his
freelance period, he wrote The White Tiger. The novel studies the contrast
between India’s rise as a modern global economy and the lead character. Balram,
who comes from crushing rural poverty? Adiga says-
“At a time when India is going
Through great changes and, with
China, is likely to inherit the
World from the west, it is
Important that writers like me
Try to highlight the brutal
Injustices of society (Indian). That’s
What I’m trying to do- it is not
An attack on the country, it’s
About the greater process of
Self examination”
Story
Balram Halwai is a composite of various people of India;
Adiga has portrayed Ashok, his family and the other upper class as harsh. Rich
and poor divide and corrupt in India are not going away. Balram narrated whole
about his life in a letter which he writes to a Chinese Premier, Wen Jiaboo, He
tells everything that how the son of a rickshaw puller struggled and managed to
become a successful businessman and an entrepreneur. He was born in a rural
village of Laxmangarh, where he lived with his big family. He was a bright
child but couldn’t study due to their financial condition. He then starts to
work in a tea shop where he begins to learn about India’s government and
economy from customer’s interaction. Balram then decides to become a taxi
driver and learns driving. He then starts working in New Delhi with Ashok and
his wife Pinky madam. During his stay in Delhi, Balram gets exposed to
extensive corruption. Contrast between the poor and rich is visible through
their proximity to one other. One night, Pinky madam was drunk to forced Balram
to leave the car so that she can drive. In a drunken state, she hits something
and drives away. Balram is forced to confess that he was driving the car.
Ashok bribes the government officials in order to increase
the benefit of their family coal business. Balram plans to kill Ashok and hits
him with a bottle and takes away a large share of bribe along with him. He then
arrives in Bangalore where he Bribes the police so that he can startup a new,
his own taxi business, Balram then explains that his own family was killed by
Ashoka’s relatives as retribution for his murder. In the end, Balram
rationalizes his actions and considers that his freedom is worth the lives of
his family and of Ashok.
Beginning the Topic
Balram mentions two things about Delhi-
1 Systematic housing lane and traffic.
2 People live like animal in a forest do.
He gives every minute description of urban and rural life.
The novelist also tells how teachers stole the money which was given for
student’s charcoal could be arranged from government mines by paying culprits
and criminals protected themselves by grassing the palm of carried out openly
and brazenly. Balram explores a new India in New Delhi itself and gets
attracted towards it. Imitating his master, he starts going to red light areas
and consumes alcohol. Villagers are always eager to live this type of life and
so does Balram thinks about living it so to lead a lavish and wealthy life, he
kills Ashok as Adiga wrote about two destinies- eat or get eaten. Adiga tells
us that increasing gap between upper and the lower class produces criminals
like Balram.
Adiga talks about the progress in almost all the fields but
behind this bright shine there are billions who are deprived of basic necessities
of life. He exposes and explores this grim facet of Indian life. Negative
aspects of Modern India are presented in a very humorous way. Economic growth
has been accelerated but this poor rich gap has widened due to globalization.
The narrator says-
“The story of a poor man’s life is written on his body, in a sharp pen”.
Adiga hints to stop corrupting at all the levels create
social awareness and close monitoring of functioning of the government
machinery. Balram is presented as a modern Indian hero, in the midst of the economic
prosperity of India in the recent past. He represents the poor in India who
yearn for their tomorrow. His story is a parable of the new India with a
distinctly macabre twist. He is not only an entrepreneur but also a roguish
criminal remarkably capable of self justification. The background against which
he operates is one of corruption, poverty and inequality. Social Discontent and
violence has been on the rise.
Adiga had highlighted the ever widening gap between the rich
and the poor and the economic system that lets a small minority to proper at
the expense of the majority. There has been greater economic disparity since
the neoliberal economic reforms. The story of Balram moves from “darkness” to
“light” i.e. from rural India to urban India. His thirst for freedom came alive
when he visited his thirst for freedom came alive when he visited his native
village. He describes-
“While Mr. Ashok and Pinky Madam
Went to an excursion… It was a very
Important trip for me…while Mr. Ashok
And Pinky Madam was relaxing…
I swam through the pond…walked
Up the hill… and entered the black
Fort for the first time… Putting
My foot on the wall, I looked
Down on the village from there.
My little Laxmangarh, I saw the
Temple tower, the market, the glistening
Live of sewage, the landlord’s mansion
And my own house, with that dark
Little cloud outside that water
Buffalo. It looked like the most
Beautiful sight on the earth. I
Learned out from the edge of the
Fort in the direction of my village
And then I did something too
Disgusting to describe to you. Well
Actually, I spat, again and again.
And then, whistling and humming,
I went back down the hill. Eight
Months later, I slit Mr. Ashoka’s Throat.
His schooling in crime begins with the reading of murder
weekly as all drivers do, to while away their time. He feels degraded as a
human being, deprived of basic human rights to enter a shopping mall. A poor
driver couldn’t enter a mall as he belonged to the poor class. He knows full
well that Ashok comes from a caste of cooks and yet now he has to serve the
wretch who is moneyed. He decides to break out of this fate of the poor in
India, as from a Rooster coop. Ashok spent a lot of time visiting malls, along
with Pinky madam, his wife to Mongoose. Balram’s job was also to carry all e
shopping bags as they came out of the malls. The mean and stingy behavior of
the rich is shown through the lost coin episode where Mongoose insults Balram
for not while getting out of the car. He was so bothered about a rupee coin
after bribing someone with a million rupees.
Such mean behavior of the masters continues when they
instruct the servants about do’s and don’ts. Balram is told never to switch on
the AC or play music when he is alone. Taunting Balram of his lack of an English
Education was great fun for Ashok and Pinky madam. It patched up their
quarrels. When he mispronounced ‘maal’ for ‘mall’, they had their ironic
laughter. When Pinky madam left Ashok
suddenly in a rage, Balram had driven her to the airport in the middle of the
night for which he was rewarded with a fat brown envelop filled with forty
seven hundred rupees. Introspecting on the tip, Balram recounts:
Forty seven hundred rupees… odd sum of money wasn’t it?
There was a mystery to be solved here. He is educated in the
mean ways of the rich which imbibes him in course of time. Balram, a victim of
rich-poor divide, reverses the role and becomes ‘master like servant’. When he
is alone, he takes pleasure in masochism. While in Delhi, Balram experiences
two kinds of India with those who are eaten, and those who eat, prey and
predators. Balram decides he wants to be an eater, through his criminal drive;
Balram becomes a businessman and runs a car service for the call centers in
Bangalore. The protagonist confirms that the trust worthies of servants are the
basis of the entire Indian economy. This is paradox and a mystery of India.
Because Indians are the world’s most honest people… No, it’s because 99.9% of
us are caught in the Rooster coop just like those poor guys in the Poverty
market. Balram wants to escape from the Roster coop. Having been a witness to
all of Ashoka’s corrupt practices and gambling with money to but politicians,
to kill and to loot, he decides to steal and kill. Adiga delves deep into his
subconscious as he plans to loot Rs.70, 000 stuffed into red bag.
In creating a protagonist like Balram in The White Tiger, as
Adiga come forward to make subaltern speak through crime? Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak’s concept of subaltern leads to the premise that subalterns cannot
speak. It is not a classy word for oppressed, for other, for somebody who’s not
getting a piece of the pie, but it signified “proletarian” whose voice could
not e heard, being structurally written out of the capitalist bourgeois
narrative. Speaking on the master-slave relationship, Adiga says-
The servant-master system implies two things: One is that
the servants are far poorer that the rich-a servant has no possibility of ever
catching up to the master. And secondly, he had access to the master- the
master’s money, the master’s physical person. Yet crime rates in India are very
low. Even though the middle class who often have three or four servants are
paranoid about crime, the reality is a master getting killed by his servant is
rare… You need two things (for crime to occur) - a divide and a conscious
ideology of resentment. We don’t have resentment in India. The poor just assume
that the rich are a fact of life… But I think we’re seeing what I believe is a
class based resentment for the First time.
Injustice and inequality has always been around us and we
get used to it. How long can it go on? Social discontent and violence has been
on the rise. What Adiga highlights is the ever widening gap between the rich
and the poor.
Conclusion
Poverty trends in India have been debated by that claming
decline in poverty and those disproving it. Angus Deaton and Jean Dreze in
their thought provoking essay “poverty and inequality in India: A
Re-examination” state that some claim that here has been a period of
unprecedented improvement in living standards, while others argue that the
period has been marked but widespread impoverishment. This novel is an
excellent social commentary on the poor rich divide in India Balram represents
the downtrodden sections juxtaposed against the rich.
Works Cited
Sebastian, Dr. A J. "Poor-Rich divide in
Adiga's The White Tiger." Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the
Social Sciences 1 (2009).
Sebastian, Dr. AJ.
"Poor-Rich divide in Aravind Adiga's "The White Tiger"."
(2015).
Tiger, The White.
http://studenthelpline.co.in/2015/06/poor-rich-divide-in-aravind-adigas-the-white-tiger-prof-aj-sebastian-sdb/
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